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Ladder of Inference Examples

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Ladder of Inference

by Anna Warfield

The Ladder of Inference was designed by Chris Argyris, a leader in organizational learning. The ladder concept is all about the thinking process, about reasoning. Be aware of where you are on the ladder - it is best to avoid climbing too high too quickly. This tool is also useful for conflict resolution and making team decisions: come to conclusions and perform actions based on sound judgments and facts.


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Ladder of Inference Examples

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  • FACTS / DATA / OBSERVABLE EVENTS
  • Judy and George
  • FACTS / DATA / OBSERVABLE EVENTS
  • Judy and Bill
  • FACTS / DATA / OBSERVABLE EVENTS
  • Judy and Lisa
  • Judy presents ideas to a small group of her colleagues.
  • SELECTION OF FACTS
  • Judy presents ideas to a small group of her colleagues.
  • SELECTION OF FACTS
  • Judy presents ideas to a small group of her colleagues.
  • SELECTION OF FACTS
  • George is looking at his phone during Judy's presentation.
  • MEANINGS OF SELECTED DATA
  • 
  • Bill has crossed his arms and closed his eyes during Judy's presentation.
  • MEANINGS OF SELECTED DATA
  • Lisa is scratching her head during Judy's presentation.
  • MEANINGS OF SELECTED DATA
  • ?
  • ?
  • ?
  • ?
  • ?
  • George's attention is on his phone.
  • ASSUMPTIONS MADE / INFERENCES DRAWN
  • Bill has assumed an antagonistic stance.
  • ASSUMPTIONS MADE / INFERENCES DRAWN
  • Lisa is confused.
  • ASSUMPTIONS MADE / INFERENCES DRAWN
  • ?
  • 
  • 
  • 
  • George is not paying attention to Judy. He thinks what she has to say is not important.
  • ACTION TAKEN BASED ON THESE ASSUMPTIONS
  • Bill doesn't want to listen to Judy. He thinks Judy's presentation is a waste of time.
  • ACTION TAKEN BASED ON THESE ASSUMPTIONS
  • Lisa does not follow the logic of the presentation. Lisa must not be very smart.
  • ACTION TAKEN BASED ON THESE ASSUMPTIONS
  • Presentation Recap
  • Hi Lisa, Let me dumb things down for you to understand...
  • Later, Judy decides to ignore George when he speaks.
  • Later, Judy aggressively defends her idea to Bill.
  • Later, Judy sends Lisa a slightly patronizing email explaining her presentation.
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