Early in 1744, when Sophie was almost 15, she was presented to Empress Elizabeth of Russia, who was seeking a wife for her 16-year-old nephew, the Grand Duke Peter, heir to the Russian throne.Sophie was received into the Russian Orthodox church and rechristened Catherine. Peter and Catherine were married in 1745.
Peter was an immature, sickly youth, and Catherine was bored and unhappy.#160;Her first child, who became Tsar Paul I, was born in 1754. In 1757 she had a daughter, Anne, who died in 1758. A son, Alexei, was born in 1762.When Empress Elizabeth died in January 1762, Peter became Tsar Peter III.#160;
Peter III's childish behavior and his preference for German ways and the Lutheran religion soon made him unpopular.#160;By accepting Russian customs as her own Catherine had gained many supporters, including members of the army. In early July 1762, the army arrested Peter, and Catherine was declared empress. Peter died while in custody.
For years Catherine had studied the works of such French Enlightenment thinkers as Montesquieu, Denis Diderot, and Voltaire. Her enthusiasm for Western culture led to the flourishing of scholarship, book publishing, journalism, architecture, and the theater.
She sponsored the first school for girls in Russia and established a system of elementary schools.
Catherine fought two wars with Turkey, from 1768 to 1774 and from 1787 to 1792. As a result, Russia won part of the northern Black Sea coast, the Crimean Peninsula, and navigation rights in Turkish waters. Catherine also joined with Prussia and Austria in partitioning Poland in 1772, 1793, and 1795.#160;
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