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- The Immune System: Lines of Defense
- This is the story of how I ended up here, in the hospital!
- Have you ever wondered how the body keeps out and fights off diseases? Well, you can thank your immune system!
- The First Line of Defense
- Your body's first line of defense against infection is barriers. These include skin, saliva, sweat, tears, mucous cilia, and stomach acid.
- Maybe it all started at my birthday party last week. There were tons of other kids around, and one of them was sneezing everywhere!
- A-Choo!!
- The Second Line of Defense
- The body's second line of defense is non-specific defenses. These include phagocytes, fever, leukocytes, interferons, inflammatory response, natural killer cells, and protective proteins.
- I really don't feel good today!
- The body has 3 lines of defense that protect us and keep us healthy. Non-specific defenses are effective against many types of infectious agents, while specific defenses are effective against a particular infectious agent. Here, you will learn about the different types of defense, and how your body uses them to protect you against disease.
- The Second Line of Defense
- I really don't feel good today!
- Oil glands on the skin have chemicals that can weaken or kill bacteria. The upper respiratory tract is lined with mucous and cilia. When you breath in, foreign particles will bump into the mucous, and cilia will sweep out the mucous for coughing or swallowing. Saliva, and tears and sweat, are slightly acidic, and contain chemicals that can breakdown bacteria. Stomach Acid has incredibly strong acids, and bacteria that is swallowed is broken down by stomach acid. All of these barriers help to stop foreign pathogens from entering your body, and making you sick.
- The Third Line of Defense
- I think we should take you to the doctor.
- Whenever a physical or chemical agent damages the cells of a tissue, histamines are produced, which trigger the inflammatory response. Pyrogens cause body temperature to rise, resulting in a fever. Phagocytes are another part of the second line of defense. They are a type of leukocyte (WBC) that that ingests or chews invading organisms or dead or dying cells, and uses lysosomes within the cell enzymes to do so.
- Overall
- You have nothing to worry about! Your immune system will take care of it.
- Natural killer cells are a type of WBC that responds to cytokine messages or proteins, and attack cell membranes of an infected cell and inject granzymes into the cell and it undergoes apoptosis. Protective Proteins attack pathogens and prevent them from reproducing. Interferons also work as a second line of defense as a chemical that interferes with a virus's ability to attack the body's other cells.
- Vocab: apoptosis means cell death.
- B-Cells go through mitosis to create plasma cells which create antibodies (a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen.) that are able to neutralize an antigen. T-Cells get rid of viruses and cancer cells, but cannot recognize an antigen without the help of an APC cell. Different types of T-Cells include cytotoxic T-cells, helper T-cells, and memory T-cells.
- The third line of defense involves a specific response to illness. B-cells, antibodies, and T-cells are part of this response.
- Good idea.
- So, your body is able to protect you from foreign pathogens and toxins through the use of its three lines of defense. The first line of defense uses barriers to stop pathogens from entering the body. The second line of defense uses non-specific defenses to protect you against all antigens. The third line of defense uses specific defenses that are triggered by antigens to stop you from being sick. Your body is amazing!!
- Yay!
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