Carbon Cycle 2

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Carbon moves from the atmosphere to the hydrosphere when carbon dioxide (CO₂) dissolves into oceans, lakes, and rivers. This happens naturally when CO₂ in the air mixes with the surface of the water. Some of it stays as dissolved gas, and some forms weak acids like carbonic acid, which can be used by sea life like corals and plankton to build shells.
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Carbon moves from the hydrosphere to the lithosphere mainly through the formation of sedimentary rocks. In the ocean, marine organisms like plankton and shellfish use dissolved carbon to build shells made of calcium carbonate. When they die, their shells sink to the ocean floor and become part of the sediments. Over millions of years, these sediments get buried and compressed, forming limestone and other carbon-rich rocks, which store carbon in the lithosphere (Earth’s crust).
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Carbon moves from the lithosphere to the atmosphere mainly through volcanic eruptions and weathering. When volcanoes erupt, they release carbon dioxide (CO₂) that was trapped in rocks deep underground. Over long periods, weathering of carbon-rich rocks like limestone can also release CO₂ back into the air, especially when these rocks are broken down by chemical reactions or human activities like mining and burning fossil fuels.

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