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  • Science and Technology
  • Muslims also continued to improve uponmodels of the universe
  • Geography and Navigation
  • Another subject of studyfor Muslim scholars was geography
  • Mathematics
  • Muslims greatly advanced the study of  mathematics
  • Beyond such practical matters, Muslims astronomers simplywanted to learn about the universe. Some realized that Earthrotates, or turns, like a spinning top. Muslims also continued to improve upon models of the universe that had been proposed by Greek and Roman astronomers.
  • Medicine
  • After surgery, doctors used thread made from animal guts to stitch the wounds together.
  • Another subject of study for Muslim scholars was geography. Muslims geographers examined plants and animals in different regions. As well as divided the world into climate zones. Most educated people in medieval times believed that Earth was round, but they disagreed about Earth's size. Muslim scientists improved on calculations made by the ancient Greeks to reach a measure of Earth's circumference that was close to the correct value.
  • City Building and Architecture
  • The new capital building took four years to guild and 100,000 architects, workers and craftspeople to build.
  • Muslims greatly advanced the study of mathematics. They based their work in part on ideas from ancient Babylon, India, and Greece. For example, scholars in Baghdad's House of Wisdom translated the works of the Greek mathematician Euclid as well as important texts from India.
  • Bookmaking and Literature
  • For some problems, surgeons performed delicate operations as a last resort. Drugs, such as opium and hemlock, put patients to sleep before operations. Muslim surgeons removed limbs, took out tumors, and cleared cataracts (cloudy spots) from the eye. After surgery, doctors used thread made from animal gut to stitch the wounds together.
  • Many large cities developed in Muslim lands, and this growth encouraged new kinds of architecture. Baghdad was one of the most glorious Muslim cities. It took 100,000 architects, workers, and craftspeople four years to build the new capital.
  • Arabs had a rich heritage of storytelling and poetry. Arab poetry often honored love, praised rulers, or celebrated wit. They often wrote epic poems, or long poems that tell a story. Prose eventually replaced poetry for recording history, special events, and traditions. Writers also composed stories in prose.
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