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A covalent bond is a type of chemical bond formed when two atoms share one or more pairs of electrons so that each can achieve a stable electronic configuration (usually like the nearest noble gas).
Types of Covalent Bonds (based on number of shared electron pairs):Single bond: sharing of 1 pair (2 electrons) → e.g., H₂, Cl₂.Double bond: sharing of 2 pairs (4 electrons) → e.g., O₂.Triple bond: sharing of 3 pairs (6 electrons) → e.g., N₂.
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A coordinate bond is a type of covalent bond in which both the shared electrons are donated by one atom only.The atom that donates the electron pair = donor.The atom that accepts the electron pair = acceptor.
Example: Ammonium ion (NH₄⁺)In NH₃, nitrogen has one lone pair.H⁺ has no electrons (empty 1s orbital).N donates its lone pair to H⁺ → forms a coordinate bond.
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In sodium metal (Na):Each Na atom → Na⁺ ion + 1 free electron.Na⁺ ions are held together by attraction to this electron sea.In magnesium (Mg):Each Mg atom contributes 2 valence electrons → stronger metallic bond than Na.
A metallic bond is the force of attraction between positively charged metal ions and the “sea of delocalized electrons” surrounding them.

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