Peninsulares (Spanish people born in Spain but living in Mexico)
creoles(people of Spanish descent, but born in Mexico)Creoles )
Father Miguel Hidalgo, a Catholic priest, rang the church bell in Dolores, Mexico as he customarily did to call the people to mass.
Mestizos (mixed Spanish and Indian),
Indians (Native Americans)
the small minority of Peninsulares were in control of most of the country's power and wealth, while the majority of the population worked in poverty.
As the rift between the poor and rich grew under the leadership of General Porfirio Diaz, the political voice of the lower classes was also declining.
when Francisco I. Madero, educated in Europe and at the University of California, led a series of strikes throughout the country. Diaz was pressured into holding an election in 1910, in which Madero was able to gather a significant number of the votes.
Madero was elected president, but received opposition from Emiliano Zapata who didn't wish to wait for the orderly implementation of Madero's desired land reforms. In November of the same year Zapata denounced Madero as president and took the position for himself.
Zapata was assassinated by Jesus Guajardo acting under orders from General Pablo Gonzalez.
, Venustiano Carranza rose to the presidency, and organized an important convention whose outcome was the Constitution of 1917, which is still in effect today. Carranza made land reform an important part of that constitution. This resulted in the ejido, or farm cooperative program that redistributed much of the country's land from the wealthy land holders to the peasants
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