trabajo geo
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- In 711 the Muslims defeated the Visigoth king Roderic in the Battle of Guadalete.
- In the mid-8th century, most members of the ruling Umayyad family in damascus were killed.
- An Umayyad prince called Abd al-Rahman I, escaped to the iberian Peninsula. He founded the independent Emirate of Córdoba in 756. But he accepted the religious supremacy of the caliph.
- In 929 Abd al-Rahman III created the Caliphate of Córdoba. Abd al-Rahman ruled through a chief minister (hajib), ministers (viziers) and provincial governors (walis). He streghtened the authority, Córdoba became a gian marketplace and was a great cultural centre.
- In 976 Al Mansur takes the control of the Iberian Peninsula and conducted raids, or razzias, on Christian Territories in the north.
- From 1031 to 1086 the taifas and the north african empires took control.
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