When the copper is placed into hot sodium hydroxide containing Zinc, The Zinc reacts with the solution to form Zinc Ions. The Zinc Ions gain electrons and are reduce back to solid zinc metal. This zinc metal plates onto the outside of the coin, which forms a silver coating.
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Zn
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Silver color that was washed and dried
The penny was then carefully rinsed so when it would eventually be burned there was no issues when creating the solid gold color and so that there was no leftover Sodium Hydroxide or dissolved zinc compounds from the surface.
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Cu + Zn
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Color gold
When the Zinc-coated penny is heated in the flame, the heat allows the Zinc atoms on the surface to move and mix with the copper atoms beneath. The mix doesn't change the element into real gold, but instead forms brass, a Copper-Zinc alloy. Brass has a natural golden color, so the penny looks like shinny gold after heating because the surface of the penny is brass instead of the pure zinc plating.
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