9C_ KAUR COMIC STRIP (SCIENCE)
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- Hi, I am Scientist Anna. Today I will show you how our chemists and we scientists make medicines using the mole concept.
- So the first step is that the searching of the medication will begin by identifying the disease which is not effectively treated by existing medicines. Also, chemists don't make compounds at random from the starting point. They find the chemical which already existsin our body. Sometimes, scientists might understand something about the disease involving enzymes and speculate that a compound that interacts with enzymes could affect the course of the disease.
- So the second step, One to approach, is to synthesize large numbers of compounds with slight variations in structure. These can be tested screened for possible activity. By seeing how well they blind to an enzyme, these tests can be done on isolated enzymes or cells are called vitro which means in glass test.
- So the third step, Develops a general reaction scheme that allows many similar compounds to be made by the same route to take some different simple combinations called the esters, which could be made by reacting eight alcohols with 12 carboxylic acids. Once this sequence has been programmed into the computer, the robot will add the appropriate reagents to the reaction vessels correctly. The reaction scheme can have any number of stages in combinatorial chemistry reactions are often carried out on beads of polystyrene resin starting material is bonded to the resin and the new molecule is built up in stages. Finally the product is broken off cleaved from the resin using strong acid compounds can go for chemical analysis and biological testing still in the 12 by 8 plates that are accepted by all the instruments promising compounds from this stage called the lead compounds.
- So the fourth step is that the medicine are developed at larger quantities around 10 to 100 milligrams of the more promising compounds are made of this technique called parallel synthesis which can replicate all the traditional chemical techniques such as stirring refluxing and so on but is quicker because several compounds are still being made in parallel.
- The final step is that once a compound has been chosen for larger scale testing the normal ground glass apparatus can be used to make quantities of around one gram a further scale up to operators holding between 3 and 20 cubic decimeters which can produce quantities of material of between one gram and one kilogram. The final stage is before the production is to make compounds on a pilot plant which can make up to 100 kilograms for clinical tests on patients and it can also be used to try out the techniques to be used on a manufacturing plant which is handling the chemicals in these sorts of quantities is a far cry from robot syringes and even spatulas. By the time, a medicine is being manufactured for 10 years may be elapsed since the initial idea and there is 450 450 million pounds spent on the process of a product or medicine.
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