In 960 CE, the Song dynasty was founded by Sung T’ai Tsu. He believed in Confucianism. He cared more about having a strong government than a strong military. The Song dynasty put a test called the civil service examination to pick leaders in the government by ability and not background.
Confucianism will be used. We will have a strong, effective government.
The civil service examination helped the Song dynasty thrive economically and politically. The Song encouraged education which led to new inventions, discoveries, and cures. This made the Song the most advanced at the time.
I decided the best members for our government.
The southern part of Song was also prospering. They made boats, knew how to sail, and created inventions such as junks to help them trade farther across the sea.
The Song used their money on government projects and other interests. The Song declined when they didn't have a strong army to defend themselves from invaders. Eventually, the Khitans invaded Northern China. Southern China was still prospering at the time.
The Khitans demanded large payments in order to keep them from invading farther into the Song dynasty's land. Since the Song didn't have enough money, they had to increase taxes which made it hard for the peasants. The Song did not care about the people's trouble.
To keep the Khitans off your land, you must pay us.
Northern China and Southern China were declining because of invaders and a weak army. In 1297 CE, the Song dynasty was conquered and defeated by northern invaders from Mongolia.