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- The Central Dogma Comic Strip
- Hey Emily are you guys ready this central dogma test tomorrow? All I can remember is that it it is how DNA is changed to RNA to proteins.
- No I have not started studying yet!! Is it okay if we go over the concepts of the central dogma?
- DNA Replication
- Okay so I remember that DNA replication has three parts initiation, elongation and termination.
- Yes, the initiation is where Helicase unzips the DNA by breaking H-bonds at the origin making a little replication bubble. Then SSBPs attach to the strands to keep them apart until the information is copied. Elongation starts when primase puts primer made of RNA down so that DNA polymerase can bind new base pairs from 5' to 3'. This makes a leading the top and lagging the bottom strands. I always remember which is which by looking for the Okazaki fragments. Now the final step; termination is where DNA ligase will bind everything together through phosphodiester bonds and fill in the spaces on the lagging strand while DNA polymerase II proofreads the coding and telomers are added to ends to ensure all genetic information is kept safe.
- Transcription
- Transcriptions initiation begins once RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA where adenine and thymine are repeated. Do you remember what happens in elongation?
- In elongation there are two strands template and non template and they are unzipped after the H bonds are broken. Then RNA polymerase will also synthesis RNA making mRNA. Meanwhile RNA polymerase will begin to copy the necessary amount of information using the complementary bases.
- Termination is always tricky for me too remember. What happens again?
- Transcription
- Well this happens in the either the cytoplasm. The pre-RNA gets things added to it ; first the cap on the 5' end to help bind to the RNAase and a polyA tail on the 3' end. After the RNA is protected spliceosomes work to remove the inactive genes introns which leaving the exons. The mRNA is bonded to a ribosome which can now start the translation process.
- Translation
- Now there is only Translation left. What happens here?
- First, it starts with Initiation which is pretty easy to remember. There is a ribosome made of two smaller parts which bind onto the cap from the mRNA looking for a start codon (AUG). Then elongation begins where enzymes match the anticodon of a tRNA. Then the tRNA connects to the mRNA and the ribosomal subunit making subunit-mRNA-tRNA. Now the polypeptide chain can form. Now the mRNA has to move across the ribosome's 3 sites: E, P and S starting at the P-site. As each tRNA gets its anticodon the mRNA will add to the A-site. This causes sort of a chain reaction where the amino acids formed make peptide bonds with each other after the tRNA drops them at the E-site. This makes a long peptide chain!!!
- Translation
- Yes the last step of translation is termination where the ribosome will meet the stop codons and the tRNA and ribosomal subunits detach. Now the protein that was just made is sent off into the Golgi apparatus. This also changes the genotype in DNA to a phenotype. I think that all this revision will pay off, I'm crossing my fingers for the test tomorrow!!
- Finally I think I'm getting it there is only one more step.
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