Primary Succession

Primary succession starts in a place with only rock. There is no soil and no organisms. An example of these places are sides of a volcano or the results of a flood.
After some time, living things like lichen and moss start growing. These are known as primary species. Moss and lichen are able to thrive in this kind of environment because they need none to minimal soil.
moss
lichen
The lichen and moss help erode the rocks into smaller pieces and then they decompose. The decomposition of the lichen and moss add nutrients and it provides a place for small plants like grass and weeds to grow.
grass
weed
The simple plants die and decompose, adding more organic matter to the soil, making it thicker. This leads to more plants like shrubs growing in the area.
shrubs
The process of plants dying and adding nutrients to the soil continue and now small trees can grow in this area. All the past plants continue to live and die here but the small shrubs may die off.
small tree
squirrel
Finally, after years of growing and dying, a forest has formed. Animals find their ways into this forest and make it their home.
bear
woodpecker

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