Working memory storyboard
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- It did indeed cause some disruption, with time to perform a reasoning task increasing with load, but the effect was not huge, and there was no influence on error rate. Baddeley and Hitch (1974) therefore abandoned the modal model, according to which STM is a unitary store, proposing instead a multicomponent model assumes an attentional controller, the central executive aided by two subsystems, the visuospatial sketchpad concerned with visual storage and processing, and its acoustic/verbal equivalent, the phonological loop.
- So what are the individual differences in working memory?
- Daneman and Carpenter (1980) were interested in the role of working memory in comprehension. They developed a task that involved simultaneously processing sentences and remembering the last word of each, which they called working memory span. They found a remarkably high correlation between performance on this task and measures of reading comprehension in their college student participants. This predictive capacity has been replicated many times, and shown to generalize to a wide variety of tasks that combine temporary storage with processing.
- For example, the developmental progression whereby, the child masters increasingly complex intellectual operations has been linked to the growth of central executive capacity (Halford, 1993).
- Susan Gathercole and colleagues used the multicomponent working memory model to develop a working memory battery suitable for children of school age, using complex working memory span tasks as a measure of central executive capacity and other tasks to assess phonological and visuospatial subsystems. Although its capacity increases with age (Case, Kurland & Goldberg, 1982), there are nevertheless marked developmental changes in the way working memory is utilized.
- A range of other studies Engle and colleagues argue that the crucial feature of working memory is the capacity to maintain attention against distraction, whether this is perceptual or comes from other sources such as earlier memories. However, while Engle makes a strong case for an association between working capacity and the ability to inhibit distracting stimuli, it is not clear that this is the only feature that characterizes working memory capacity; it may indeed be just one example of a number of functions of a more general, multi-faceted attentional control system. Furthermore, the concept of inhibition itself is open to a range of interpretations at both a psychological and physiological level.
- ReferencesBaddeley, A.D., & Hitch, G. J. (1974). Working memory. In G. A. Bower (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation:Advances in research and theory. (Vol. 8, pp. 47-89). New York: AcademicPress.Case, R. D.,Kurland, D. M., & Goldberg, J. (1982). Operational efficiency and thegrowth of short-term memory span. Journal of Experimental Child Psychology, 33, 386-404.Daneman, M.,& Carpenter, P. A. (1980). Individual differences in working memory andreading. Journal of Verbal Learning and VerbalBehaviour, 19, 450-466.Engle, R. W., Kane, M. J.,& Tuholski, S. W. (1999). Individual differences in working memory capacityand what they tell us about controlled attention, general fluid intelligence,and functions of the prefrontal cortex. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory (pp.102-134). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Halford, G.S. (1993). Children's understanding: The development ofmental models. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
- ReferencesKieras, D. E., Meyer, D. E., Mueller, S., &Seymour, T. (1999). Insights into working memory from the perspective of the EPIC architecture for modelling skilled perceptual-motor and cognitive human performance. In A. Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of working memory (pp. 183-223). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Miyake, A., & Shah, P. (Eds.). (1999). Models of working memory: Mechanisms of active maintenance and executive control. New York: Cambridge University Press.O'Reilly, R. C., Braver, T. S., & Cohen, J.D. (1999). A biologically based computational model of working memory. In A.Miyake & P. Shah (Eds.), Models of Working Memory (pp. 375-411). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Vallar, G. (2006). Memory systems: The case of phonological short-term memory. A festschrift for Cognitive Neuropsychology. Cognitive Neuropsychology, 23(1), 135-155.
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