Haiti- The First Black Republic
Storyboard Tekst
- HAITI: THE FIRST BLACK REPUBLIC
- In the early 1600s, European newcomers began to inhabit the northwestern part of the island of Hispanola. As the number of French people settling grew, so did the amount of plantations they built grew. The Spanish and French began competing for control over the island. In 1697, The Treaty of Ryswick was signed and the French and Spanish agreed to divide the island of Hispanola in two. The Spanish side would be called Santo Domingo and the French side would be called Saint Domingue.
- As tobacco, coffee, and sugar production started to increase Saint Domingue, the French colonists were in growing, need of a labor force to work on the plantations. They started bringing in people from Africa and making them slaves. The French slave masters forced the Africans to work on plantations all over the colony.
- Even though the French planters were becoming wealthy from the land, the slaves were not happy. The work was very hard and many of the slave masters did not treat the slaves nicely. The slave masters did not pay the slaves for their work and gave them little time to eat, drink and rest
- Many of the slaves ran away from the plantations because they were being treated so badly by their slave masters. Most of them would hide in the mountains so they would not be found. The slaves that escaped to the mountains were called Maroons. One of the most famous Maroons was called Mackandal.Mackandal soon convinced thousands of slaves to fight against the injustice of slavery. Mackandal was not satisfied with a few thousand, he wanted freedom for all slaves of Saint Domingue
- Mackandal was not satisfied with the few thousand Maroons who escaped the bad treatment from the slave masters. He wanted freedom for all slaves in Saint Domingue. Mackandal organized an army from the Maroons and led his army at night to raid different plantations, liberating thousands of slaves. One night he was captured, but even though he was caught, Mackandal swore to the slave masters that one day all slaves in Saint Domingue would be free.
- Thirty years after Mackandal was captured, the slaves were still working and being mistreated on the plantations under the brutal whip of French slave masters. It was around this time that a slave named Boukman Dutty, brought from the island of Jamaica, started what would become the biggest slave revolt in the history of the world.
- When the French government heard about the slave revolt in Saint Dominigue, they set 10,000 French soldiers to the island to crush the rebellion. Boukman was killed and in order to truly defeat the French the rebels needed a new leader- Toussaint Louverture.
- Toussaint led the revolutionary army, along with his top officers, Jean-Jacques Dessalines and Henri Christophe. He led them to victory over the French army. In 1794, the French suffered great losses and they had no choice but to abolish slavery and free all the slaves of Saint Domingue
- Toussaint was made Governor General of the colony and protected the island from foreign threats such as Spain and England for many years. Toussaint's achievements during his years in power include social reforms, structuring and organizing a new government and establishing courts of justice and public schools.
- in 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte came into power in France and two years later sent a force of 20,000 soldiers on 86 was ships led by General Charles Leclerc, to Saint Domingue to reinstitute slavery. Toussaint was tricked into a meeting with Leclerc where he was captured and put on a boat to France. Napoleon locked Toussaint up in a prison high in the French Alps where he would spend the remaining days of his life. The fight for freedom had started again.
- There were many fierce battles between the rebel army and Napoleon's army. General Leclerc and thousands of his soldiers were stricken with yellow fever and lost their lives. The rebel army used the fever as an opportunity to gain the upper hand in the war. November 18, 1803 would be one of the most famous battles in this war of independence, the Battle of Vertieres.
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