The earth is tilted on its axis, which is the black line. The equator, which is the red line, divides the earth into the two hemispheres while the yellow line shows the lit and unlit side of the earth. More of the lit side is the Northern Hemisphere so it receives more direct sunlight. Direct sunlight means more energy and that causes the season summer. When more of the Northern Hemisphere is on the lit side, less of the Southern Hemisphere is on the lit side, so it is receiving less sunlight and is in winter, the opposite of the Northern Hemisphere.
שקופית: 2
The Northern Hemisphere is receiving sunlight from a perpendicular angle while the Southern Hemisphere is receiving sunlight at a lower angle, so there is more sunlight on the Northern Hemisphere. This causes days to be longer in summer and shorter in winter.
שקופית: 3
When the polar cap in the North is tilted away from the sun, the angle of sunlight passes over it completely so it is completely dark. When it is tilted toward the sun, then it is perpetually day.
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