Abigail Fernando: Central Dogma Comic Strip Assignment
Testo Storyboard
- Hello, My name is Ms. Bauer and I will be your new biology teacher for the rest of the semester.  
- Hi Ms. Bauer, nice to meet you, my name is Dylan and I was wondering what will we be learning today 
- Hi my name is Skylar, I am looking forward to learn  more about biology. 
- We will be learning about the central dogma and the three stages and process that occur with them. Can any of you tell me about DNA
- DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic acid and it carries out most of the genetic information to help will all living organisms in terms of their development, reproduction and function.
- The structure of DNA consists of a two strands which is also known as double helix and is made up of a nitrogenous base, phosphate and deoxyribose
- The "unzipping" of the DNA strands, on the other hand, will start to form a replication bubble. To speed this process, at least two helicase enzymes that operate in opposing directions ( 5' --> 3' and 3' --> 5') work actively.
- The first step in the central dogma is DNA replication and it occurs in the nucleus and enzyme involved in this process is helicase which plays an important role by attaching to a specific sequence of nucleotides called the origin of replication on the DNA and breaking the hydrogen bonds between the nitrogenous base pairs.
- In order for DNA polymerase III to start putting down complementary base pairs, an enzyme called primase must join the scene and lay down a short length of RNA called a primer. DNA polymerase III can only form phosphodiester bonds on the hydroxyl group (or 3' ends) of the prior nucleotide, hence it will develop in a 5' --> 3' direction.
- Additionally, While DNA polymerase III develops the complementary strand, DNA polymerase I eliminates the RNA primers, substitutes them with DNA nucleotides, and DNA ligase joins them with phosphodiester bonds to finalize the complementary DNA on the lagging strand. The duplicated strands are 'proofread' by enzymes. Telomeres, which are present at the ends of eukaryotic chromosomes, prevent the loss of critical coding sections of DNA.
- Transcription begins similarly to DNA replication, except that rather than helicase, RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA and is located in the nucleus. The promoter, which consists of repetitive sequences of adenine and thymine linked nucleotides, is where the enzyme attaches to an area of the DNA.
- I would also like to conclude that Transcription ends once a polymerase copies a sequence in the DNA called the terminator.
- In elongation, RNA is produced using only one of the two strands of DNA. The 3' to 5' strand. The hydrogen bonds between the DNA strands are broken, and the RNA is formed in a way that it is antiparallel to the DNA, much like the DNA strands in a double helix. As RNA polymerase unwinds the DNA, it begins the synthesis of mRNA, the complementary RNA strand. When a promoter becomes available again, the process will continue to make new copies using RNA polymerase.
- Translation consists of a ribosome, which is made up of two subunits that join to form a functional ribosome. It also consists of an enzyme called RNA polymerase 
- The E-site, the P-site, and the A-site are three sites on the ribosome that are significant for translation elongation. mRNA is present in all three locations.
- When the ribosome encounters one of the stop codons at the A-site (UAG, UAA, or UGA), translation is terminated. The ribosomal and tRNA subunits separate at this stage.
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