the Umayyads, the Muslim caliphate had rarely concluded even temporary truces with non-Muslim polities;
respect for the actual rulers began to dwindle, ... and the Muslim religious leadership became more and more dissociated from the government in fact, if not in theory.
Slide: 3
Abbasid- Lasted 200 years (750–1258)
the [high] number of non-Muslim in civil administration. . non-Arabs, as common subjects of a great and civilized empire, assumed their proper place as citizens of Islam. It gave practical effect to the democratic enunciation of the equality and brotherhood of man. The acceptance of this fundamental principle of racial equality helped the early sovereigns of the house of Abbas to build up a fabric which endured without a rival for over five centuries. ...
‘Abbāsids continued the caliphate and maintained the unity of most of the caliphal domain, ‘Abbāsid rule never extended far west of modern Tunisia. ...
The ascendancy of the Arabs was over. the Persians occupied the key positions in the government. ... In short the dynasty, though Arab in origin, was deeply personalized in cultural and administrative institutions. This was natural because the rulers of the new dynasty had risen to power with substantial help of their Persian supporters.
‘Abbāsids, such truces would become frequent, with non muslims leading in time to exchanges of embassies, and finally a diplomatic mosque in Constantinople. ... [T]he ‘Abbāsids made only minor local frontier expansions, and otherwise suffered from continuous territorial losses to new, parochial Muslim entities that [previewed] the political division of the medieval Muslim world. ..