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- With the cry of Deus volt! or God wills it!, Pope Urban II delivers what is arguably the most significant speech of the Middle Ages on November 27, 1095, which ignites the Crusades by urging all European Christians to wage war against Muslims in order to retake the Holy Land.
- By the end of the 11th century, European Christians were engaged in conflict over the Holy Land, or what is now known as the Middle East. Christians have been making pilgrimages to Jerusalem since the sixth century, but after the Seljuk Turks conquered Jerusalem, Christians were forcibly expelled from the Holy City.
- Then, the Turks made a particular plea to Pope Urban for assistance as they threatened to invade the Byzantine Empire and seize Constantinople. Although this was not the first such appeal, it occurred at a crucial moment for Pope Urban. Urban took advantage of the chance to unify Christian Europe behind him as he campaigned to retake the Holy Land from the Turks in order to strengthen the papacy.
- Following the conquest of Jerusalem by the Ayyubid sultan Saladin in 1187, three European rulers of Western Christianity—Philip II of France, Richard I of England, and Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor—attempted to retake the Holy Land during the Third Crusade (1189–1192). The Third Crusade is also referred to as the Kings' Crusade for this reason. The Crusade's main objective—recapturing Jerusalem—was not achieved, though it did partially succeed in retaking the significant cities of Acre and Jaffa and undoing the majority of Saladin's victories.
- Due to his extreme unpopularity, Alexius IV, a Latin who owed his reign to them, was finally overthrown in a palace coup in late January 1204. The Fourth Crusade overcame Constantinople on April 12, 1204, after the Crusaders, now defrauded of their recompense and repulsed by the Byzantines' duplicity, declared war on the city.
- Pope Innocent III, who ruled from 1198 to 1216 CE, called for the Fifth Crusade (1217–1221) with the aim of retaking Jerusalem from Muslim rule. However, this time, the strategy was to first attack Muslim-held cities in North Africa and Egypt, which were then ruled by the Ayyubid dynasty, in order to weaken the enemy (1174-1250 CE). The campaign was unsuccessful because it was believed that Egypt would be an easier target than Jerusalem.
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