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- ADRIAN
- The History of Chemotherapy
- In order to lower the risk of virus exposure for cancerpatients, hospitals have also significantly increased the use of chemotherapyat home. Local pharmacy teams and community nurses provide this service.The move complements several other initiatives, such asintroducing COVID friendly cancer medications and establishingCOVID-protected cancer treatment hubs.NHS England is investing £160 million in medications, sopeople do not need to visit hospitals for routine check-ups and care (England2020).
- AISHA
- The earliest recognition of cancer dates back to 3000 BC, where inAncient Egypt a textbook on trauma, “Edwin Smith Papyrus” describes 8 cases oftumours of the breast. The document clearly states that for this disease “Thereis no treatment”. Cancer at this point in time was misunderstood, and the onlyway to save a patient would be to cauterise the tumour with a tool called thefire drill. Cauterisation remained to be a popular method of removing cancerwith often a very low chance of survival (Fornaciari 2018)
- AISHA
- Even before 20 BC, efforts to study cancer had been made,with its name, “carcinos” - which derives from the Latin word crab – being usedby the Father of Medicine, Hippocrates. Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries,many examples show that cancer was always known, but doctors never knew how totreat it. For example, in Robert Hooke’s Micrographia, he presented severalobservations of cancer through his microscope in 1665. Moreover, John Hunter inthe 1760s operated on early-stage tumours, showing that an attempt to treatcancer was made (RCSEng n.d.). Nevertheless, chemotherapy was one of the firstsuccessful cancer treatments without the need to operate surgically.
- MIHAELA
- Paul Ehrlich, a prominent German scientist, began creatingmedications to treat infectious disorders in the early 1900s. Ehrlichinvestigated a common disease at the time, Syphilis, an STD that would createvisible rash. This was disgraceful upon the upper classes who caught these, andEhrlich’s main goal was to find a cure. He created a cure called “Salvarsan606” in 1909. This allowed him to invent the term chemotherapydefining it as the use of chemicals to cure illness. He was also the first todemonstrate the efficacy of animal models, in screening a series of compoundsfor possible anti-disease action, a feat that has far-reaching implications forcancer therapy development. His use of the rabbit model for syphilis in 1908resulted in the invention of arsenic to treat this condition.
- MIHAELA
- The Institute for Medical Research in New York built atissue culture facility and was the first to grow tumour tissue in vitro. They utilised Rous chicken sarcoma extract. Four yearslater, the first human cancer, osteosarcoma, was developed in tissue culture atthe same institution (Fig. 12). Tissue culture techniques were refined, andit was proved that reliable examination of microscopic distinctions betweennormal and cancerous cells is possible. This discovery eventually led toresearch of hundreds of human tumours in long-term tissue cultures in the 1930sand 1940s. (Hajdu Darvishian, 2013)Depending on the kind and stage of the cancer being treated,chemotherapy may be administered orally, through injection, infusion, ortopically. (NCI Dictionary of Cancer Terms, 2022)
- ALINA
- Chemotherapy to treat cancer was only applied after theworld wars due to chemical warfare. Since WW1, the Germans used chemical gasesto fight. These could easily be stopped from inhalation using a gas mask. However,the invention of “nitrogen mustard gas” was lethal, as it only needed to havecontact with the skin rather than breathing it in. It was also first discoveredduring World War II that the gas played a huge role in reducing the white bloodcell count. This knowledge was recycled by scientists In order to try and developa way to reduce the growth of cancerous cells. ‘Nitrogen mustard’ paved the waywhich is like the chemotherapeutic agents for attacking cancer cells.
- ALINA
- Nitrogen mustard is not found in the environment naturallywhere HN1 (Nitrogen mustard gas) was originally designed for removing warts butit was identified later as the warfare of the potential chemical agent. Hence,HN2 is also being designed as a military agent that can later be used for treatingcancer wholly by replacing the other treatment agents. Medical scientistsdeveloped cancer chemotherapy from several mustard agents due to using thepoisons as per their known criteria. 'Chemotherapy' was first introduced at thestart of the 20th Century (Muhammad et al. 2022) for being officially intendedas an effective unit for treating cancer.
- DANIELA
- In the early 1980`s the fight against cancer received a new tool namedenzyme inhibitors which was a chemo drug class whose goal was to inhibit a typeof enzyme which was responsible for replicating the cells. In this way, thecancer cell was killed without being able to reproduce further. Into the early90`s the fight against cancer made a step forward with a new type of chemoagent that was acting against a special enzyme named topoisomerases which weresmall molecules that were able to stop the cancer cells to reproduces. For overmore than seventy years there were used several combinations of chemotherapydrugs which in some cases stopped the evolution totally and in some cases wasjust a pause for the multiplying system of the cancer cells
- Understanding the old chemo solutions, the present and thefuture of this fight can develop a more individual solution against thisproblem due to the personal microbiome of each patient. The fundamentalrestrictions of drug discovery were twofold: first, the creation of models thatcould successfully narrow the large repertory of compounds to those handfulsthat potentially have an action against cancer in people, and second, access toclinical facilities to test such medicines. (DeVita Chu, 2008)
- ADRIAN
- To help thousands of cancer patients receive treatmentduring the coronavirus epidemic more safely, chemotherapy has been deliveredright to their front doors.At the height of the outbreak, up to 10,000 home deliveriesof chemotherapy were done over three months, saving patients from having to gooutside and risk infection when their immune systems were weak.The drops are a component of the COVID-friendly medicinesthat were created in response to the pandemic, helping to ensure that 85,000individuals could begin treatment between March and June. According to the mostrecent data, referrals are starting to return to levels seen before theoutbreak.The life-saving medication has been delivered by NHSemployees, including community nurses, pharmacists, and volunteers. When theyarrive at a patient's home, stand back two metres to identify them and ensurethey have everything they need.
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