The character is blissfully unaware of the impending doom behind her, but the audience can see the dog. This is dramatic irony.
Inference
He's foreshadowing his own fall by saying that he sure hopes he doesn't fall. He ends up falling.
Parallel Episodes
I want to be a Genas
They're comparing the strength of the man to the strength of Superman.
Idiom
It's raining cats and dogs out here!
He's using basic context clues to have an educated guess about the origin of the fire.
Something caught this forest on fire
In this example from Flowers for Algernon, the main character Charlie Gordon is trying to be a genius. He ends up getting his wish for a little while before his mind reresses. He ends up having the same mental capacity as he did in the beginning of the story.
She's saying something that isn't the literal meaning of it. Like, it isn't actually raining felines and kanines. It's just pouring hard.
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