prt2
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- Scientific revolution stages
- 1) Pre-paradigmatic stage: In this initial phase, there are multiple competing schools of thought with different ideas about the basic problems and criteria for evaluating theories. Research is somewhat directionless.
- 2) Emergence of normal science: One school of thought emerges as dominant, and scientists rally around a particular paradigm. This paradigm is an achievement that provides a framework for future research and problem-solving. The paradigm is a unified and comprehensive approach to a range of problems in a scientific discipline.
- 3) Normal science: This is when scientists work within the framework of the accepted paradigm, applying its methods to solve problems defined by the exemplar. It is characterized by puzzle-solving, where the type of solution is well-defined by the paradigm.
- 4) Crisis: Eventually, the paradigm may encounter problems or anomalies that it cannot resolve, leading to a crisis in the scientific community. The accumulation of these difficulties exposes the paradigm's inadequacies or contradicts it altogether.
- 5) Scientific Revolution: The crisis can only be resolved by a paradigm shift, in which the old paradigm is replaced by a new one. This involves a fundamental change in the way scientists understand the world and inspires new research techniques and standards of evidence.
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- However, lets try using a real life example to make things easier to understand
- However, lets look at some real life examples to better understand this
- Slide: 3
- This Is John Dalton, September 5 or 6, 1766, in Eagles field, Cumberland, England
- He attended a Quaker school in his village. He also received instruction from a blind philosopher named John Gough. He gained practical knowledge in constructing and using meteorological instruments from his mentors.
- He came from a modest Quaker family. His father, Joseph, was a weaver, and his mother, Deborah Greenup, came from a prosperous Quaker family
- Dalton began teaching at a young age, assisting his older brother at a Quaker school at age 12. He later became the principal of the school at only 19 years of age. He also worked as a farmhand for a time
- He moved to Manchester in 1793 to teach mathematics at the New College. Because he was a Quaker, he was barred from many British universities and instead went to a dissenting academy.
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