Really? Well in the 21st century we use modern cartography which is the use of aerial satellite photographs as a base for any desired map or chart.
In the 1500s during voyages we used wheel maps, portolan charts and ptolemy maps
We also used instruments like the Compass, Astrolabe, Sextant, Quadrant, Cross Staff, Back Staff, Telescope, Lead line and Binnacle Box
Nowadays, we use the gyroscopic compass, radar and auto pilot, radio beacons and GPS.
E-navigation is the future for passenger ship voyage planning, processing and execution with Electronic Chart Display and Information System. It is linked to other sensors to improve situational awareness. Radar, automatic identification system (AIS), satellite positioning (GPS) and compasses provide information to bridge teams and ECDIS enabling officers to plan and sail along routes, keeping passengers safe and engaged.
The gyroscopic compass is unaffected by the Earth's, or the ship's, magnetic field, and always points to true north. Radar is used to locate objects beyond range of vision by projecting radio waves against them and is very useful to locate other ships and land when visibility is reduced.
To explore the Caribbean and the Americas we used ships like galleon, carrack and caravel
Well we use naval, passenger and tanker ships in the 21st century.
We, the Spanish, used the vast amount of cargo space in the galleon to carry the New World treasure across the Atlantic. The galleon could withstand the rigors of ocean voyages.
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