Ibarra's attempt to build a school in his community illustrates his political views, particularly his belief about the power of education. The school thus symbolizes empowerment through education, which is unavailable to most Filipinos—the story of Crispín and Basilio shows the reader the types of children who would be advantaged by a new, secular school.
THE SCHOOL
Elías likens the dark time before freedom and equality come to the Philippines to the night. Some people, including himself, will die before they can see the dawn—the utopian time of liberation. Night symbolizes the time of corruption, chaos, and confusion, while dawn represents a new, happier time. Just as dawn begins a new day, Elías hopes that a new era will dawn on the Philippines.
NIGHT AND DAWN
Cemeteries and burials appear often in the novel, most prominently in the form of Don Rafael Ibarra's lack of a proper final resting place, which is considered so disgraceful that it pushes Ibarra to begin to reconsider his easy relationship with the authorities of the Philippines.