team challenge 3
Storyboard Description
team challenge 3
Storyboard Text
- Hi guys, today we are going to learn about cellular Biology.
- First let's talk about the cell membrane.
- we will talk about Membrane Transport, Energy production, and Protein production
- Think of the cell membrane like a latex balloon. The latex is the phospholipid bilayer keeping fluid in and out.
- The Fluid Mosaic Model shows us the molecular layers of the cell membrane.
- I also like to think of the hydrophilic layer is like the cotton tips of que tips, and the hydrophobic tails would be the stem if cut in half!
- HI! consider me a protein that is floating in the lipid bilayer. Some smaller versions of me can pass right through the cell membrane!
- all the little boats represent the transmembrane proteins that are crossing the bilayer.
- Cellular BIOLOGY made easy
- In facilitated diffusion, the molecules need help to cross the layer by being gobbled by a carrier protein and helped across.
- This story will focus on membrane transport, energy production and protein production.
- let the log raft represent a protein transporting via passive transport, using no energy, just moving along the gradient of the current of the water.
- The cell membrane is not a solid structure. It is made of millions of smaller molecules that create a flexible and porous container.Proteins and phospholipids make up most of the membrane structure. The phospholipids make the basic bag. The proteins are found around the holes and help move molecules in and out of the cell. There are also proteins attached to the inner and outer surfaces of the membrane.
- Wait... how do molecules/proteins cross going against the gradient?
- The fluid mosaic model shows you that phospholipid molecules are shaped with a head and a tail region. The head section of the molecule likes water (hydrophilic) while the tail does not (hydrophobic). Because the tails want to avoid water, they tend to stick to each other and let the heads face the watery areas inside and outside of the cell. The two surfaces of molecules create the lipid bilayer.
- example of simple diffusion: high concentration of boats will migrate to areas of low concentration of boats.
- Many proteins float in the lipid bilayer. Some are permanently attached while others are only attached temporarily. Some are only attached to the inner or outer layer of the membrane while the transmembrane proteins pass through the entire structure.
- LOOK at the motor... It is the boat's source of energy (think ATP)!
- The transmembrane proteins that cross the bilayer are very important in the active transport of ions and small molecules. There are several different types of membrane transport, depending on the characteristics of the substance being transported and the direction of transport.
- Hmmmm, let's talk about what cellular energy is. Adenosine triphosphate, often referred to as ATP.
- In facilitated diffusion, substances move into or out of cells down their concentration gradient through protein channels in the cell membrane. In facilitated diffusion there are a specialized membrane channels. Charged or polar molecules that cannot fit between the phospholipids generally enter and leave cells through facilitated diffusion.
- Passive Transport Passive transport Requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration, Moves with the concentration gradient.
- Then the Molecules go back to the mitochondria to recycle itself back into ATP. Think of the mitochondria as the body's rechargeable battery system.
- In simple diffusion, small noncharged molecules or lipid soluble molecules pass between the phospholipids to enter or leave the cell, moving from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration (they move down their concentration gradient). Oxygen and carbon dioxide and most lipids enter and leave cells by simple diffusion.
- How do cells build protein? Let's examine this...
- Since this is an energetically unfavorable reaction, energy is needed for this movement. The source of energy is the breakdown of ATP. If the energy of ATP is directly used to pump molecules against their concentration gradient, the transport is called primary active transport.
- ATP is essential to life as a whole. It is how we do anything and everything. It is Adenosine with three phosphate groups attached. Almost all life forms use this molecule as their energy currency
- Things get more complicated to explain from here. Think of DNA as an instruction book for paint by numbers.
- Inside the cell, there is a simple process for ATP to be used. Step #1. Energy is needed inside the cell Step #2. Energy is taken from the ATP and it turns into ADP (adenosine diphosphate). This is done by removing one of the phosphate groups.
- Notice that when H2O is added, the molecule goes through hydrolysis and then loses a phosphate.
- Step #3. After the ATP has been spent, it is recharged in the mitochondria, by re-adding the third phosphate group and it returns to its ATP form.The mitochondria plays a large role in the job of the ATP. It uses cellular respiration to create energy within the cell. The mitochondria mixes carbohydrates and oxygen which creates ATP.
- Mitochondria
- In order to build protein, DNA which remains in the nucleus, and RNA, which leaves the nucleus, work together through the processes of transcription, where DNA controls the structure of mRNA, and translation, where RNA controls the structure of protein.
- Transcription is the process of transcribing from DNA to mRNA, which occurs in the nucleus of the RNA. In transcription, the double helix of DNA is opened, and a strand of DNA is used as part of the pattern for RNA.
- The cell pulls open a strand of the DNA (or you open a page in the book) for copying.
- Enzymes attach according to the transcripted code, (like painting by numbers)
- The RNA lengthens and completes, tears away. Just like when you finish the picture, you tear it from the book!
- The DNA winds back up, similar to the closing of the color book.
- So now that RNA needs to make Proteins. This is called Transcription.
- Lastly Transfer RNA brings amino acids to build proteins inside the ribosomes. Think of legos binding together to build a tiny home.
- The molecules of RNA have different jobs in the cell but mRNA serves as an important blueprint for protein during the process of translation. In transcription there are three steps in order to go from DNA to RNA.
- Initiation, in which enzymes of RNA polymerase attaches according to promoter site (controls transcription) •Elongation, in which the RNA lengthens, while DNA winds back up. •Termination, in which the RNA is stopped and detaches, and mRNA is made.
- Translation is the process of going from RNA to protein, occurring outside the nucleus in the cytoplasm or rough ER, depending on what type of protein.
- RNA contains transfer RNA (tRNA), which carries amino acids to to build protein in ribosome. tRNA binds to rRNA. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA), is an RNA made up of small and large units, it ensures the proper alignment of messenger RNA (mRNA) and ribosome. And messenger RNA (mRNA) is an RNA that carries messages from DNA to ribosomes. Like the steps in transcription, translation also contains the same steps:
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