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- Colonial Latin American society was sharply divided by class. At the top were the peninsulares, born in Spain, holding exclusive government positions. Below them were the creoles, barred from high political office but influential in the military. Mestizos, mulattos, and enslaved Africans followed, with Indigenous peoples at the bottom. This rigid hierarchy entrenched power and privilege, maintaining oppression and exploitation throughout colonial society.
- In the late 1700s, inspired by Enlightenment ideals and the American and French Revolutions, Latin American colonies, including Haiti, sought freedom from European rule. In Haiti, a revolt led by Toussaint Louverture in 1791 liberated enslaved Africans. Despite Toussaint's capture and death, Jean Jacques Dessalines declared Haiti independent in 1804, marking the first successful uprising against European colonialism in the Americas.
- Latin American creoles, influenced by Enlightenment ideas, led movements for independence after Napoleon's takeover of Spain in 1808. Bolívar and San Martín were key figures in liberating Venezuela, Chile, and Peru, culminating in the victory at the Battle of Ayacucho in 1824 and the establishment of Gran Colombia.
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