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- American IsolationismWith still economic problem, did not want nations become entangled in another war. President Roosevelt took no action against the aggressive dictators. But spoke out to vow that the U.S. is good neighbor who respects right of others and this was a message for aggressor nations. Later about 21 nations in Western Hemisphere signed on the 'Good neighbor Policy' that no state has right to intervene external affairs of another. But the U.S. are encouraging Japan, Germany, and Italy to abide the principle.
- The Spanish Civil War (July 1936)Hitler and Mussolini tested the democracies of Europe in Spanish Civil War but Spain was a monarchy until 1931 when republic declared. July 1936, army leaders, fascist-style government, joined General Francisco Franco in revolt and began civil war. Hitler and Mussolini sent troops, tanks, airplanes to help Franco's forces were called Nationalists. Western democracies were neutral and Soviet Union sent equipment or advisers. Republican collapsed and Franco became Spain's fascist dictator that established totalitarian regime.
- Mussolini's Invasion of Ethiopia (October 1935)Mussolini set out to make Italy strong military power and carry out imperialist policy. Ethiopia one of Africa's three independent nations. Ethiopians successfully resisted Italian attempt at conquest during 1890s. Mussolini ordered massive invasion of Ethiopia in October 1935. Ethiopian emperor, appealed to Leaguse for help. League condemned attack and imposed economic sanctions, were mild, few league members seriously applied them. By giving in Mussolini in Africa, Britain, and France hoped to keep peace in Europe. May 1936, Italy officially annexed Ethiopia. Hitler approved of invasion, October, he and Mussolini joined in treaty of friendship forged an alliance, known as Rome-Berlin Axis, between countries.
- The Invasion and Fall of France(May-June 22, 1940)May 1940, Hilterf began dramatic sweep through Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg, part of strategy to strike France. Allies' attention on those countries, Hitler sent even larger force tanks and troops south slice through Ardennes. Allies considered forest, hills, poor roads of Ardennes hindrance to heavily armoured Nazi offensive, lightly defended. End of May, Germans trapped Allied forces around French city Lille,so allies retreated. June 14, Germans had taken Paris, accepting inevitable, French leaders surrendered on June 22, 1940. Germans took control of the northern part of country, left southern part to puppet government headed by Marshal Petain, French hero from World War I, headquarters of government was in city of Vichy.
- The Battle of Britain (Summer 1940-May 1941)Great Britain stood alone Nazis, British prime minister, already declared nation would never give in. HItler turned mind to invasion of Great Britain. Summer of 1940, Luftwaffe, Germany's air force, kept bombing Great Britain, Germans targeted British airfields and aircrafts factories. RAF's, one was electronic tracking system known as rader, developed 1930s, radar could tell the number, speed, direction incoming warplanes. May 10, 1941, Stunned by British resistance, Hitler decided call off attacks, instead, focus on Mediterranean and Eastern Europe. Hitler's attack could be blocked.
- Hitler Invades the Soviet Union (June 22, 1941)Hitler moved ahead with Operation Barbarossa, plan to invade Soviet Union, June 22, 1941, roar of German tanks and aircrafts began invasion. Soviet Union was not prepared for attack, had the largest army in the world, troops were neither well equipped nor trained. Invasion was week after German pushed 500 miles inside Soviet Union. Russians used scorched-earth strategy against Napoleon. September 8, German forces put Leningrad under siege, November city completely cut off the rest of Soviet Union. Hitler ready to starve city's more than 2.5 million inhabitants, German bombs destroyed warehouses where food was stored. One million people died in Leningrad during winter of 1941-1942. Germans had advanced to outskirts of Moscow. Hitler's advanced on Soviet Union gained nothing but cost Germans 500,000 lives.
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