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- The caliphs unify Arabia
- The growth of the Muslim Empire
- Ali´s election to the caliphate
- After Muhammad´s death, Muslims had taken control over Arabia and Abu Bakr, Muhammad’s friend and father-in-law, was chosen caliph. Abu Bakr had used the military to reunite the community and later completed the unification in Arabia.
- Schism between Sunni and Shi´ah
- After Abu Bakr´s death, Caliph Umar began to spread the empire from conquest. By 643, the Muslim empire was settled throughout Iraq, Persia, the eastern Mediterranean, and North Africa.
- The Battle of Tours
- After Uthman´s death, Ali ibn Abi Talib agreed to become the 4th caliph. But, some Muslims disagreed with his rule and this led to civil war. Ali had won one of the battles but also lost supporters, and one of those supporters murdered Ali.
- The Golden Age
- After Ali´s death, Mu’awiyah the leader of the Umayyads became the 5th caliph. Most of the Muslims called the Sunnis had accepted him. But the small portion of Muslims called the Shi´ah did not accept him and still today, the two groups disagree.
- The Battle of Tours in 732 was known for the extension of the Muslim Empire throughout Europe, outside of Spain. The built their capital city known as Cordoba, where Muslim, Jewish, and Christian scholars shared their ideas.
- Persian Muslims were furious about how Arab Muslims had advantages such as paying fewer taxes and having good jobs so, they overthrew the Umayyads and made a new dynasty called the Abbasids. This time was known for the achievements they fulfilled in subjects such as Literature and Science.
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